Impairment on BNT but can describe the object - they know what it is but can’t retrieve the word.
Impairment on famous faces - they might not be able to name the person, but when you ask “which one is Barak Obama”, they can point to him.
Cookie jar - fluent, but empty. Uses “thing, it”.
Trouble repeating “no ifs, ands, or buts”.

Semantic PPA

Impairment on BNT but they don’t even know what it is. No attempt to describe around the item.
Impairment on famous faces - they cannot name the person and when you ask for a specific person, they do not recognize them.
Ask them to read a word, and describe it - they can read it but don’t know what it is:
- Lion
- Shirt
- Pumpkin
Surface dyslexia (read words wrong) and surface dysgraphia (spell words wrong)
- Read Island - “Is-land”
- Spell ghost - goast

Non-fluent PPA

Cookie jar - they have word finding hesitation AND grammar is abnormal - they leave out “and”, “the”, “it'“, “a”, etc.
- can lack normal syntax (sound ESL).
- E.g. “mother drinking glass”
Difficulty repeating “pa, ta, ka” (apraxia)

Distinguish non-fluent from the word-finding difficulty of AD by listening for missing words -> in AD there are long pauses, talking around things, changing topic to avoid having to say the thing they can't remember...

vs in non-fluent, it is disjointed, block-ey, effortful, sometimes with agrammatism